Chapter 7
Bibliography
Bowman, B., 2020. What Is Causing The Rise Of Today’s Global Far Right?
Burke, J., 2020. Norway Mosque Attack Suspect ‘Inspired By Christchurch And El Paso Shootings’. The Guardian.
CIDOB, 2017. Resilient Cities – Countering Violent Extremism At Local Level. [online] Barcelona: CIDOB. http://file:///Users/lfc/Desktop/Resilient%20Cities_DiegoMuro%20(Ed.).pdf
Donaghue, E., 2020. Racially-Motivated Violent Extremists Elevated To “National Threat Priority,” FBI Director Says.
Eurocities, 2016. CITY RESPONSES ON PREVENTING RADICALISATION AND VIOLENT EXTREMISM: SOCIAL INCLUSION AS A TOOL?. [online] Eurocities.
http://nws.eurocities.eu/MediaShell/media/Radicalisation%20report_Oct16_FINAL.pdf
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). 2020. Hate Speech And Violence. [online]
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). 2019. Finland Should Tackle Growing Hate Speech And Remove The Sterilisation Requirement For Transgender Persons.
Finnish Security and Intelligence Service (Supo), 2019. NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEW 2019. [online] Finnish Security and Intelligence Service (Supo).
Galston, W., 2020. The Populist Challenge To Liberal Democracy. [online] Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-populist-challenge-to-liberal-democracy/
Iacono, R., 2020. The Rise Of The Radical Right In Scandinavia. [online] Institute for New Economic Thinking. https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/the-rise-of-the-radical-right-in-scandinavia
ISD, 2020. Covid-19 Disinformation Briefing No.1. [online] London: The Institute for Strategic Dialogue. http://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/COVID-19-Briefing-Institute-for-Strategic-Dialogue-27th-March-2020.pdf
Johnson, B., 2020. 6 Terrorism Trends To Watch In 2020 – Homeland Security Today. [online] Hstoday.us.
Klaus, E. and Rosand, E., 2016. It Happens On The Pavement: Putting Cities At The Center Of Countering Violent Extremism. Brookings.
Laub, Z., 2019. Hate Speech On Social Media: Global Comparisons. [online] Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/hate-speech-social-media-global-comparisons
Loughran, J., 2019. Social Media Algorithm Could Predict And Prevent Hate Crime. [online] Eandt.theiet.org.
Malmros, Robin et all. 2019. Mixing Logics: Multiagency approaches for countering violent extremism, Segerstedinstituttet. https://segerstedtinstitutet.gu.se/digitalAssets/1760/1760437_mixing-logics_digital.pdf
Merelli, A., 2020. The State Of Global Right-Wing Populism In 2019. [online] Quartz. Available at: https://qz.com/1774201/the-global-state-of-right-wing-populism-in-2019/
Ministry of the Interior – Finland, 2017. National Action Plan For The Prevention Of Violent Radicalisation And Extremism.p.9.
Müller, Karsten and Schwarz, Carlo, Fanning the Flames of Hate: Social Media and Hate Crime (November 3, 2019). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3082972 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3082972
Muro, D., 2017. Resilient Cities – Countering Violent Extremism At Local Level. [online] Barcelona: CIDOB. https://www.cidob.org/en/publications/publication_series/monographs/monographs/resilient_cities_countering_violent_extremism_at_local_level
Murshed, M., 2017. The Tandem Growth Of Extreme Political Ideology And Extreme Inequality. Vision of Humanity. http://visionofhumanity.org/economists-on-peace/inequality-age-extremism-economists-peace/
Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security, 2014. Action Plan Against Radicalisation And Violent Extremism. p.7.
Nordic Safe Cities, 2019. Nordic Capital Code. Copenhagen: Nordic Safe Cities, pp.
https://nordicsafecities.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/NSC.CapitalCode.final_.v1.pdf.
Oltermann, P., 2020. German Spy Agency Puts Part Of Far-Right Afd Under Surveillance. [online] the Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/12/german-intelligence-agency-puts-part-of-far-right-afd-under-surveillance
Politiets Efterretningstjeneste – Center for Terroranalyse, 2020. Vurdering Af Terrortruslen Mod Danmark. [online] København: Politiets Efterretningstjeneste. https://www.pet.dk/Nyheder/2020/~/media/VTD%202020/VTD2020DKMARTSpdf.ashx
Politiets sikkerhetstjeneste (PST), 2020. Nasjonal Trusselvurdering. [online] Politiets sikkerhetstjeneste (PST). https://www.pst.no/globalassets/artikler/utgivelser/2020/pst_trusselvurdering_2020.pdf
Regeringen – DK, 2016. PREVENTING AND COUNTERING EXTREMISM AND RADICALISATION: NATIONAL ACTION PLAN. p.7.
https://uim.dk/publikationer/preventing-and-countering-extremism-and-radicalisation
Reid, A. Does Regulating Hate Speech Undermine Democratic Legitimacy? A Cautious ‘No’. Res Publica 26, 181–199 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-019-09431-6
Säkerhetspolisen, 2020. Security Service Yearbook 2019. [online] Säkerhetspolisen. Available at: https://www.sakerhetspolisen.se/download/18.a5cd4be16dfd84e1716a5/1585209341505/Arsbok2019.pdf
Sisäministeriö. 2020. Väkivaltaiset Ääriliikkeet Toimivat Koko Maan Alueella. [online]
Socialstyrelsen, 2017. Våldsbejakande Extremism: Stöd Till Socialtjänstens Arbete Med Återvändare Och Andra Personer Involverade I Våldsbejakande Extremistiska Miljöer. p.9. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/ovrigt/2018-2-6.pdf
Tiller, Tom, 2018: Hverdagsrahabilitering.
(online) http://kurs.helsekompetanse.no/hverdagsrehabilitering/44046
The Globe Post. https://theglobepost.com/2019/12/04/far-right-today/
The World Bank. GINI Index (World Bank Estimate) – Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Iceland | Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2017&locations=NO-DK-SE-FI-IS&start=1967
United States Institute for Peace, 2018: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-09/preventing-countering-violent-extremism-measuringup.pdf
Vijaya, R., Wilent, A., Cathcart, J. and Fiorellini, R., 2018. Economic underpinnings of violent extremism: A cross country exploration of repeated survey data. World Development, 109, pp.401-412.
Yle Uutiset. 2017. Helsinki Police Joining Whatsapp In Online Outreach Effort. https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/helsinki_police_joining_whatsapp_in_online_outreach_effort/9907622
Definitions of violent extremism
Norway
Violent extremism is understood here to be activities of persons and groups that are willing to use violence in order to achieve their political, ideological or religious goals
Regjeringen.no – National Action Plan
Denmark
Extremism refers to persons or groups that commit or seek to legitimise violence or other illegal acts, with reference to societal conditions that they disagree with.
uim.dk – National Action Plan
Sweden
Violent Extremism is a collective term for movements, ideologies or environments, which are not accepting of a democratic social order and that promote violence in order to achieve ideological goals.
socialstyrelsen.se
Finland
Violent extremism refers to using, threatening with, encouraging or justifying violence on ideological grounds.
intermin.fi – Finnish National Action Plan